50 of the most famous UNESCO-approved sites from around the world
Africa
1. Pyramids of Giza, Egypt (1979)
The Great Pyramid of Giza[a] is the largest Egyptian Pyramid. It served as the tomb of pharoah Khufu who ruled during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old kingdom built in 2600 BC. The pyramid is the oldest of the Seven wonders of the world, and the only wonder that has remained largely intact.
The Great Pyramid was built by quarrying an estimated 2.3 million large blocks.Primarily local limestone from the Giza Plaeteu was used for its construction. Materials used were Limestone, mortar, granite. The Queen’s Chamber and King’s Chamber, which contain a granite sarcophagus, are above ground, within the pyramid structure.
Sarcophagus – a stone coffin, typically adorned with a sculpture or inscription and associated with the ancient civilisations of Egypt, Rome, and Greece.
Memphis was the ancient capital and Necropolis is is a large, designed cemetery with elaborate tomb monuments
It is part of the UNESCO-approved sites “Memphis and its Necropolis”
The Giza pyramid complex (also called the Giza necropolis) in Egypt is home to the Great pyramid, the pyramid of Khafre and the pyramid of Menkaure, along with their associated pyramid complexes and the Great Sphinx. All were built during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old kingdom between c. 2600 – c. 2500 BC.
2. Great Sphinx of Giza, Egypt (1979)
The Great Sphinx of Giza is a majestic limestone statue with the body of a lion and the head of a human, located near the Pyramids of Giza in Egypt. Age of The Great Sphinx is believed to have been built during the Old Kingdom period, specifically during the reign of Pharaoh Khafre (2520-2494 BC).
3. Abu Simbel Temples, Egypt (1979)
The Abu Simbel Temples are two magnificent rock-cut temples located in Abu Simbel, Egypt. Built by Pharaoh Ramses II in the 13th century BC, these temples are a testament to ancient Egyptian engineering and architectural skills.
Key Facts:
Construction: The temples were carved directly into the sandstone cliffs.
Purpose: The temples were built to honor the gods Amun and Ra, and to commemorate Ramses II’s victory at the Battle of Kadesh.
Amun ra is SUN god
The Great Temple:
Facade: The temple’s facade features four colossal statues of Ramses II, each standing over 20 meters tall.
Hall of Records: The temple’s interior features a hall with eight pillars, each adorned with reliefs depicting scenes from Egyptian mythology.
Sanctuary: The temple’s innermost chamber contains a statue of Amun, Ra, and other gods.
Its alignment is so that The temples are aligned so that twice a year, on February 22 and October 22, the sun illuminates the inner sanctum. The Abu Simbel Temples are a remarkable example of ancient Egyptian architecture and a testament to human ingenuity and perseverance.
4. Valley of the Kings, Egypt (1979)
The Valley of the Kings is an area in Egypt where, for a period of nearly 500 years from the 18th dynasty to the 20th dynasty, rock-cut tombs were excavated for pharoahs and powerful nobles The Valley of the Kings is known to contain 65 tombs and chambers. It garnered significant attention following the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922.
5. Nubian Monuments, Sudan (2003)
The Nubian Monuments in Sudan are a collection of ancient temples, tombs, and palaces that showcase the rich history and culture of the Nubian Kingdoms. Here are some of the most notable Nubian Monuments in Sudan:
This area was the site of three ancient kushite kingdoms. The capital of the first was at Karima(2500–1500 BC), the second was centered on Napata (1000–300 BC) and the third was centered on Meroe (300 BC – 300 AD).
1. Meroe Pyramids: A collection of over 220 pyramids built between 200 BC and 300 AD, located near the modern town of Meroe.
2. Nuri Pyramids: A group of 20 pyramids built between 690 and 310 BC, located near the town of Karima.
3. El-Kurru Tombs: A collection of tombs built between 750 and 650 BC, located near the town of Karima.
These monuments are a testament to the rich cultural heritage of the Nubian Kingdoms and are considered some of the most important archaeological sites in Africa.
6. Robben Island, South Africa (1999)
Robben Island, located off the coast of Cape Town, South Africa, is a historic island that served as a prison for Nelson Mandela and other anti-apartheid activists during the apartheid era.
Key Facts:
Nelson Mandela: Mandela was imprisoned on Robben Island for 18 years, from 1964 to 1982, for his fight against apartheid.
Prison Conditions: The prison on Robben Island was notorious for its harsh conditions, including hard labor, poor living conditions, and mistreatment by guards.
Symbolism and Significance:
1. Symbol of Resistance: Robben Island has become a powerful symbol of resistance against oppression and a reminder of the sacrifices made by those who fought for freedom and equality.
2. Reconciliation: The island has also become a symbol of reconciliation and healing, representing the country’s efforts to come to terms with its past and build a more just and equitable society.
7. Cape Floral Region, South Africa (2004)
The Cape Floral Region, located in the southwestern tip of South Africa, is a biodiversity hotspot and one of the world’s most unique and threatened ecosystems.
Key Facts:
Unique Flora: The region is home to an incredible array of plant species, with over 9,500 species, many of which are found nowhere else in the world.
Biodiversity Hotspot: The Cape Floral Region is considered one of the world’s most important biodiversity hotspots, with many species facing threats such as habitat loss, invasive species, and climate change.
Table Mountain National Park: The park, which includes Table Mountain, is a key protected area within the Cape Floral Region.
8. Medina of Marrakech, Morocco (1985)
It is known as the Old city and is a walled city . It was founded by Abu Bakr ibn Umar, a Berber Chieftain.It is surrounded by 19 km of walls. The medina’s architecture is a mix of Berber, Arab and Islamic styles with intricate tile work, carved wood and ornate plaster.
9. Ancient City of Volubilis, Morocco (1997)
It is a partly excavated Berber-Roman city in Morocco, situated near the city of Meknes, that may have been the capital of the kingdom of Mauretania. The city lay within the kingdom of Mauretania, which became a Roman client state following the fall of Carthage in 146 BC. The site was excavated by French archeologists in early 20th century, who uncovered many ruins and artefacts.
Arch of Caracalla: The triumphal arch is one of the most impressive monuments in the city.
Temple of Jupiter: It is well preserved example of Roman architecture.
Basilica: it is a impressive building.
10. Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela, Ethiopia (1978)
The eleven Rock-hewn Churches of Lalibela are monolithic churches located in the western Ethiopian highlands, named after the late-12th and early-13th century King Gebre Meskel Lalibela of Zagwe dynasty to recreate the holy city of Jerusalem in his own kingdom.
The churches were carved directly into the volcanic rock face, using simple tools made of wood and stone.
Notable Churches:
1. Bet Giyorgis: This church is one of the most famous and impressive of the Rock-Hewn Churches, featuring a distinctive cross-shaped design.
2. Bet Maryam: This church is dedicated to the Virgin Mary and features intricate carvings and decorations.
3. Bet Medhane Alem: This church is the largest of the Rock-Hewn Churches and features a complex system of tunnels and passageways.
Asia
11. Great Wall of China, China (1987)
It is s a series of fortifications in China. They were built across the historical northern borders of ancient Chinese states and imperial china as protection against various nomadic groups from the Eurasian steppes. The first walls date to the 7th century BC; these were joined together in the Qin dynasty. Successive dynasties expanded the wall system; the best-known sections were built by the Ming dynasty (1368–1644).
During the mid–15th century, the Ming built a so-called “Liaodong Wall”.
Towards the end of the Ming, the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the Manchu invasions that began around 1600. Even after the loss of all of Liaodong, the Ming army held the heavily fortified Shanhai Pass , preventing the Manchus from conquering the Chinese heartland. The Manchus were finally able to cross the Great Wall in 1644, after Beijing had already fallen to Li Zicheng’s short-lived Shun Dynasty.
The North African traveler Ibn Battuta, who also visited China during the Yuan dynasty c. 1346, had heard about China’s Great Wall, possibly before he had arrived in China
Today, the defensive system of the Great Wall is recognized as one of the most impressive architectural feats in history
It is at the longest wall spanning over 13000 miles. It has watchtowers and beacon towers. It’s made of materials like stone, brick and rammed earth. It used pulleys and ramps to move massive stone blocks.
12. Forbidden City, Beijing, China (1987)
It was built in 1406 during the Ming dynasty. The palace complex contains over 980 buildings. It served as an Imperial palace of Ming and Qing dynasties for over 500 years. It is masterpiece of traditional Chinese architecture, with its symmetrical layout, golden roofs and red walls.
13. Terracotta Warriors, China (1987)
It is located in Xi’an , China with most impressive and mysterious archaeological discoveries in the world. It consists of 8000 life-sized soldiers, horses and chariots.
It was built to protect the first emperor Of China, Qin Chi Huang,( Qin dynasty) in the afterlife. It is a part of a larger mausoleum (a building in which the bodies of dead are buried) complex, which include the emperor’s tomb and other artefacts.
14. Taj Mahal, India (1983)
It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It took 22 years to complete. iIt is an ivory-white marble mausoleum on the right bank of the river Yamuna in Agra, UP. it houses the tomb of Shah Jahan and his wife.
Architecture:
It is a unique combination of Indian, Persian and Islamic styles. It is made of white marble and features precious stones including jasper , jade and turquoise.
The construction project employed more than 20,000 workers and artisans under the guidance of a board of architects led by Ustad Ahmad Lahori(Persian) the emperor’s court architect.
The predominant feature of the mausoleum is the 23-metre high marble dome(onion shaped) that surmounts the tomb. The complex is set around a large charbagh or Mughal garden. Mughal gardens was introduced to India by Babur.
Similarities in layout and architectural features with the Shalimar Gardens suggest that both gardens may have been designed by the same architect, Ali Mardan.
The land on which the Taj Mahal is situated was present to the south of the walled city of Agra which was given to Shah Jahan by Raja Jai Singh 1 in exchange for a large palace in the centre of Agra.
15. Red Fort, India (2007)
Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned the construction of the Red Fort on 12 May 1639, following his decision to relocate the Mughal capital from Agra to Delhi. Originally adorned in red and white, the fort’s design is attributed to Ustad Ahmed Lahori. the architect behind the Taj Mahal.
The fort was plundered and stripped of its artwork and jewels during Nadir Shah’s invasion of the Mughal Empire in 1739. Most of the fort’s marble structures were subsequently demolished by the British following the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
On 15 August 1947, the first PM J.L. Nehru raised the Indian flag above the Lahori Gate.
Lord Curzon, who served as the Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, initiated restoration efforts for the Red Fort.
The Lahori Gate is the main entrance to the Red Fort, The secondary entrance is the Delhi Gate.
Shahjahanabad, the seventh city of Delhi, was built by Shah Jahan in 1649 like a fortress encircled by strong and high red–brick walls with 14 entry gates to the city.
Out of the 14 gates, five gates have survived, namely, the Kashmiri Gate on the north, the Ajmeri Gate on the south-west, the Delhi Gate on the south-east, Turkman Gate on the south and the Nigambodh Gate on the north-east, all of which express vividly the splendor of the city.
16. Borobudur Temple, Indonesia (1991)
It is located in Magelang, Indonesia, is one of the largest and most impressive Buddhist temples in the world covering an area of 123 acres. It was built during the Sailendra dynasty in the 9th century.
It has a step pyramid design. It features 2672 relief panels depicts scenes from Buddhist mythology. It has 504 Buddhist statues each with a unique facial expressions.
Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces remain attached to a solid background of the same material.
17. Angkor Wat, Cambodia (1992)
Located on a site within the ancient Khmer capital city of Angkor , it was originally constructed in 1150 CE as a Hindu temple dedicated to the deity Vishnu, It was later gradually transformed into a Buddhist temple towards the end of the century.
Angkor Wat was built at the behest of the Khmer king Suryavarman 2 in the early 12th century.
It is designed to represent Mount Meru, home of the devas in Hindu mythology.
Historical records show that Chinese envoy Zhou Daguan and traveller Zheng He visited the Angkor Wat in the 13-14th centuries. Zheng He studied the temple architecture which was later incorporated in the Dabaoen Temple and Galazed Pagoda.
It is largest temple complex in the world covering area of 400 acres.
In the 16th century, Portuguese traders and missionaries discovered a vast stone city. It is surrounded by massive moat and walls which were built to protect it from invaders.
Moat : a deep, wide ditch surrounding a castle, fort, or town, typically filled with water.
18. Ha Long Bay, Vietnam (1994)
It features over 1600 limestone islands and islets(small island), rising dramatically out of emerald green waters of Gulf of Tonkin. It is classic example of karst landscape formed by erosion of millions of years.
- Sigiriya, Sri Lanka
Sigiriya, also known as the Lion’s Rock, is an ancient rock fortress located in the central province of Sri Lanka. It was built during the reign of King Kashyapa (477-495 AD). Sigiriya served as the capital city of Sri Lanka during King Kashyapa’s reign. The site is renowned for its innovative and sophisticated architecture, which includes intricate carvings, frescoes, and water gardens.
The site’s name “Sigiriya” is derived from the Sinhalese word for “lion’s mouth,” which refers to the entrance to the fortress. It is home to some of the oldest and most well-preserved frescoes in Sri Lanka, which depict beautiful maidens and other scenes. The construction of Sigiriya is considered an engineering feat, given the limited technology and resources available at the time.
20. Historic City of Ayutthaya, Thailand (1991)
Founded in 1350, it was built by King Ramathibodi 1, who established Ayutthaya Kingdom. Its golden age was during 14th to 16th century when it was a major centre of trade, culture and Buddhism.
Notable sites:
Wat Phra Si Sanphet: A stunning temple complex that served as the royal temple.
Wat Mahathat: A temple complex that features famous Buddha head stuck in roots of tree.
Wat Chaiwatthanaram: A temple complex that features a unique blend of Khmer and Ayutthaya architectural styles.
Europe
21. Acropolis of Athens, Greece (1986)
An acropolis was the settlement of an upper part of an Ancient Greek city, especially a citadel, and frequently a hill with precipitous sides, mainly chosen for purposes of defense. The term is typically used to refer to the Acropolis of Athens yet every Greek city had an acropolis of its own. Acropoli were used as religious centers and places of worship, forts, and places in which the royal and high-status resided.
Acropolis is primarily associated with the Greek cities of Athens , Argos(with Larisa), Thebes(with Camdea), Corinth(with its Acrocorinth), and Rhodes(with its Acropolis of Lindos).
During ancient times the Acropolis of Athens was also more properly known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man Cecrops, the supposed first Athenian king.
The Acropolis of Athens is an ancient citadel situated on a high rocky outcrop above the city of Athens, Greece.
Most of the major temples, including the Parthenon (temple dedicated to goddess Athena), were rebuilt by order of Pericles during the so-called Golden age of Athens (460–430 BC).
Phidias,an Athenian sculptor, and Ictinus and Callicrates, two famous architects, were responsible for the reconstruction.
The Parthenon features an iconic frieze and metopes, which depict scenes from Greek mythology and everyday life.
During 437 BC, Mnesicles started building the Propylaea, a monumental gate at the western end of the Acropolis
Greek Architecture
1. Classical orders: Greek architecture is characterized by the use of classical orders, including the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders.
2. Columns and pediments: Greek buildings often feature columns and pediments, which were used to create a sense of harmony and balance.
3. Marble and limestone: Greek buildings were often constructed using marble and limestone, which were prized for their beauty and durability.
Other Notable Buildings
1. Propylaea: The Propylaea is the gateway to the Acropolis, built during the 5th century BC.
2. Erechtheion: The Erechtheion is a temple dedicated to Poseidon and Erechtheus, built during the 5th century BC.
22. Ancient Agora of Athens, Greece (1994)
The ancient Agora of Athens (also called the Classical Agora) is an ancient Greek agora. It is located to the northwest of the Acropolis, and bounded on the south by the hill of the Areopagus and on the west by the hill known as the Agoraios Kolonos also called Market Hill.
The Agora’s initial use was for a commercial, assembly, or residential gathering place hosting various activities including politics and social events.
It was founded in 6th century BC, during the rule of Solon.
Notable buildings and Landmarks:
Stoa of Attalos is a well preserved ancient building, reconstructed in 1950’s.
Temple of Hephaestus is one of the best preserved ancient temples in Greece.
Museum of Ancient Agora is housed in the Stoa of Attalos and features a collection of artefacts find in Agora.
Stoa: covered walkway or portico, used commonly for public.
23. Colosseum, Italy (1980)
Located in the heart of Rome it was built during the reign of Emperor Vespasian in 1st century AD. It was the largest amphitheater in Roman Empire.
Its elliptical shape was designed to provide an unobstructed view of the arena. It had four levels of seatings, with lower levels reserved for the wealthy and upper levels for general public. It had use of concrete, arches and vaults.
The Colosseum is built of limestone, tuff(volcanic rock), and brick-faced concrete. Its events included gladiator battles, animal hunts and public spectacles.
Construction was funded by the opulent spoils taken from the Jewish Temple after the First Jewish-Roman war in 70 AD led to the Siege of Jerusalem.
- Roman Forum
The Roman Forum, located in the heart of Rome, Italy, is a sprawling archaeological site that showcases the ancient city’s rich history and architectural grandeur.
It was the ancient heart of Rome, serving as the city’s civic, commercial, and social center. It was in use for over 1,000 years, from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. The Roman Forum was the center of Roman politics, hosting elections, speeches, and trials.It was a bustling marketplace, with merchants selling goods from all over the ancient world.
Notable Landmarks
1. Temple of Julius Caesar: The Temple of Julius Caesar was built in 29 BC to honor the assassinated leader.
2. Arch of Titus: The Arch of Titus was built in 82 AD to commemorate the Roman victory over Jerusalem.
3. Basilica of Maxentius: The Basilica of Maxentius was built in the 4th century AD and features an impressive vaulted ceiling.
25. Pantheon, Italy (1980)
The simplest explanation for the name is that the Pantheon was a temple dedicated to all the gods. The present building was ordered by the emperor Hadrian and probably dedicated c. AD 126
In 609 AD, the Byzantine emperor Phocas gave the building to Pope Boniface 4, who converted it into a Christian church and consecrated it to St. Mary and the Martyrs
Since the Renaissance the Pantheon has been the site of several important burials. Among those buried there are the painters Raphael and Annibale Carracci, the composer Arcangelo Corelli and the Architect Baldassare Peruzzi.
As the best-preserved example of an Ancient Roman monumental building, the Pantheon has been enormously influential in Western Architecture from at least the Renaissance on; starting with Brunelleschi’s 42-metre dome of Santa Maria del Flore in Florence completed in 1436.
Among the most notable versions are the church of Santa Maria Assunta(1664) in Ariccia by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, which followed his work restoring the Roman original,Belle Isle House(1774) in England and Thomas Jefferson’s library at the University of Virginia.
Architecture and Design
1. Innovative dome design: The Pantheon’s dome, designed by Emperor Hadrian and architect Apollodorus of Damascus, was a groundbreaking innovation in engineering and architecture.
2. Oculus and natural light: The Pantheon’s dome features an oculus, a circular opening at the top, which allows natural light to illuminate the interior.
3. Symmetry and harmony: The Pantheon’s design is characterized by perfect symmetry and harmony, reflecting the ancient Roman ideals of balance and proportion.
26. Eiffel Tower, France (1991)
The Eiffel Tower is a wrought-iron Lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower from 1887 to 1889.
Locally nicknamed “La dame de fer” (French for “Iron Lady”), it was constructed as the centerpiece of the 1889 World’s Fair and to crown the centennial anniversary of the French Revolution.
During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest human-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was finished in 1930.
27. Notre-Dame Cathedral, France (1991)
Notre-Dame Cathedral, a majestic Gothic cathedral in Paris, France, has stood the test of time, inspiring wonder and awe for over 850 years.
History and Architecture
1. Construction began in 1163: Notre-Dame was built during the reign of King Louis VII, with construction spanning nearly 200 years.
2. Gothic architecture: The cathedral is a prime example of Gothic architecture, characterized by its soaring vaults, ribbed arches, and stunning stained-glass windows.
3. Innovative design: Notre-Dame’s innovative design, which included the use of flying buttresses, allowed for taller and more elaborate structures.
Literary and artistic inspiration: Notre-Dame has inspired countless artists, writers, and musicians, including Victor Hugo, who wrote “The Hunchback of Notre-Dame.”
A devastating fire ravaged the cathedral in 2019, destroying much of its roof and spire. The fire sparked an outpouring of support from around the world, with millions pledged for the cathedral’s restoration. The restoration process is ongoing, with a focus on preserving the cathedral’s historic integrity while incorporating modern safety features.
28. Stonehenge, UK (1986)
Stonehenge, located in Wiltshire, England, is one of the world’s most fascinating and mysterious ancient monuments. Here are some fascinating facts about Stonehenge:
Stonehenge was built in several stages between 3000 and 1500 BC. It is a prehistoric monument, and its purpose and meaning have been the subject of much speculation and debate.
Architecture and Construction
1. Sarsen stones: The largest stones at Stonehenge, known as sarsens, weigh up to 50 tons and are up to 30 feet tall.
2. Bluestones: The smaller stones, known as bluestones, weigh up to 4 tons and are up to 6 feet tall.
3. Construction techniques: The construction of Stonehenge required advanced engineering and architectural skills, including the use of ramps, pulleys, and levers.
History and Significance
1. Ancient burial ground: Stonehenge was used as an ancient burial ground, with many cremated remains found in the area.
2. Astronomical alignments: Stonehenge is aligned with the summer solstice sunrise and other astronomical events, leading some to believe it was used as an ancient astronomical observatory.
29. City of Venice, Italy (1987)
The City of Venice, Italy, is a unique and breathtakingly beautiful place, famous for its stunning architecture, rich history, and romantic canals.
Key Facts
1. Built on more than 100 small islands: Venice is built on more than 100 small islands, connected by over 400 bridges and canals.
2. Founded in the 5th century AD: Venice was founded in the 5th century AD by refugees fleeing barbarian invasions.
Famous Buildings
1. St. Mark’s Basilica: St. Mark’s Basilica is one of the most famous buildings in Venice, known for its stunning Byzantine architecture and beautiful mosaics.
2. Doge’s Palace: The Doge’s Palace was the residence of the Doge of Venice, the ruler of the Venetian Republic, and is now a museum.
3. Rialto Bridge: The Rialto Bridge is one of the most iconic landmarks in Venice, spanning the Grand Canal and offering breathtaking views of the city.
4. Ca’ Rezzonico: Ca’ Rezzonico is a beautiful 18th-century palace that now houses the Museum of 18th-Century Venice.
5. Santa Maria della Salute: Santa Maria della Salute is a stunning Baroque church that was built to commemorate the end of the plague in Venice.
Architecture and Engineering
1. Unique foundation system: Venice’s buildings are supported by a unique foundation system, which uses wooden pilings driven into the mud and clay beneath the city.
2. Byzantine and Gothic influences: Venetian architecture is characterized by Byzantine and Gothic influences, reflecting the city’s rich cultural heritage.
3. Ornate bridges and canals: Venice’s bridges and canals are famous for their ornate architecture and beautiful decorations.
30. Historic Centre of Rome, Italy (1980)
It encompasses the ancient city’s most iconic landmarks, including the Colosseum, the Roman Forum, and the Pantheon. The Historic Centre of Rome features over 2,000 years of history, from ancient Roman ruins to Renaissance and Baroque architecture.
Famous Landmarks
1. Colosseum: The Colosseum is one of Rome’s most iconic landmarks, hosting gladiator battles and public spectacles in ancient times.
2. Roman Forum: The Roman Forum was the heart of ancient Rome, featuring temples, basilicas, and markets.
3. Pantheon: The Pantheon is a magnificently preserved ancient temple, built in 126 AD and featuring an impressive dome.
4. Trevi Fountain: The Trevi Fountain is a beautiful Baroque fountain, built in 1762 and featuring a stunning statue of Neptune.
5. Spanish Steps:: The Spanish Steps are one of Rome’s most famous landmarks, built in 1725 and featuring 138 steps.
- the Mausoleum of Augustus
- the Mausoleum of Hadrian
- Trajan’s Column
- The Column of Marcus Aurelius
History and Significance
1. Ancient Rome’s heart: The Historic Centre of Rome was the heart of ancient Rome, featuring many of the city’s most important landmarks.
2. Renaissance and Baroque architecture: The Historic Centre of Rome features many examples of Renaissance and Baroque architecture, including the Trevi Fountain and the Spanish Steps.
31. Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia
Plitvice Lakes National Park is one of the oldest and largest national parks in Croatia.
The national park was founded in 1949 and is in the mountainous karst area of central Croatia, at the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The national park is world-famous for its lakes arranged in cascades. Sixteen lakes can be seen from the surface. These lakes are a result of the confluence of several small rivers and subterranean karst rivers.
North America
31. Grand Canyon National Park, USA (1979)
It is located in northwestern Arizona, the 15th site to have been named as a national park. The park’s central feature is the Grand Canyon, a gorge of the Colorado river, which is often considered one of the Wonders of the world.
Historic Buildings
Bright Angel Lodge(1935), Architect: Mary Jane Colter
Lookout Studio(1914), Architect Mary Jane Colter
Desert View Watchtower(1932), Architect: Mary Jane Colter
32. Yellowstone National Park, USA (1978)
Yellowstone National Park is a national park of USA located in the northwest corner of Wyoming and extending into Montana and Idaho.
Yellowstone was the first national park in the U.S. and is also widely held to be the first national park in the world. The park is known for iits wildlife and geothermal features, especially the Old faithful geyser, one of its most popular.
It has lakes, canyons, rivers, and mountain ranges . Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest high-elevation lakes in North America and is centered over the Yellowstone Caldera, the largest super volcano on the continent. The caldera is considered a dormant volcano.
33. Statue of Liberty, USA (1984)
The Statue of Liberty is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York harbour. The copper-clad statue, a gift to the United States from the people of France, was designed by French sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and its metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel.
It was likely inspired by the Roman goddess of Liberty Libertas. She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand carries a tablet inscribed JULY IV MDCCLXXVI (July 4, 1776, in Roman numerals, the date of the US Declaration of Independence.
The statue stands 305 feet (93 meters) high, including its pedestal .It was dedicated on October 28, 1886, and has since become a symbol of hope and opportunity for immigrants arriving in the United States .It is struck by lightning around 600 times every year. The seven spikes on the statue’s crown represent the seven oceans and continents of the world .
The Statue of Liberty is an awe-inspiring monument that continues to inspire hope and freedom around the world.
34. Independence Hall, USA (1979)
Independence Hall is a historic landmark located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and is widely regarded as the birthplace of the United States. This iconic building is where the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution were signed.
Independence Hall has a red brick façade, designed in Georgian style.
Key Facts
1. Built in 1732: Independence Hall was built in 1732 as the Pennsylvania State House.
2. The Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, 1776, in Independence Hall.
3. The United States Constitution was signed in Independence Hall on September 17, 1787.
Historic Significance
1. American Revolution: Independence Hall played a pivotal role in the American Revolution, serving as the meeting place for the Continental Congress.
2. Founding Fathers: Many of America’s Founding Fathers, including George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin, walked the halls of Independence Hall.
3. Symbol of American democracy: Independence Hall is an enduring symbol of American democracy and freedom.
The original building was constructed using local red brick and stone. Independence Hall underwent a major restoration project in the 1950s to return the building to its 18th-century appearance. Independence Hall’s clock tower is an iconic symbol of American independence and is featured on the back of the United States $100 bill.
35. Chichén Itzá, Mexico (1985)
Chichén Itzá, located on the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, is one of the most famous and mysterious ancient Mayan ruins in the world. It was built by the Mayans in the 10th century AD. The name “Chichén Itzá” means “mouth of the well of the Itza” in the Mayan language.
It was one of the largest Maya cities and it was likely to have been one of the mythical great cities, or Tollans referred to in later Mesoamerican literature.
Famous Structures
1. El Castillo (The Castle): El Castillo, also known as the Temple of Kukulkan, is the most famous structure at Chichén Itzá, built to honor the feathered serpent god Kukulkan.This step pyramid stands about 30 meters .
2. The Ball Court: The Ball Court is a large, open space where the Mayans played a sacred ball game, which was an important part of their culture.
Archeologists have identified in Chichen Itza thirteen ball courts for playing the Mesoamerican Ballgame, but the Great Ball Court about 150 meters to the north-west of the Castillo is the most impressive.
3. The Pyramid of the Warriors: The Pyramid of the Warriors is a large, stepped pyramid that was built to honor the Mayan warriors.
4. The Sacred Cenote: The Sacred Cenote is a large, natural well that was used by the Mayans for human sacrifice and other rituals. The region is pockmarked with natural sinkholes, called cenotes, which expose the water table to the surface.
Chichén Itzá was the capital of the Mayan civilization from the 10th to the 12th century AD. The Mayans made careful astronomical observations at Chichén Itzá, which helped them develop a sophisticated understanding of the universe.
It was an important center for sacred rituals and ceremonies, including human sacrifice.
36. Teotihuacán, Mexico (1985)
Teotihuacán, located in the State of Mexico, is one of the most impressive and mysterious ancient Mesoamerican cities in the world. It was built around 100 AD and was inhabited until around 750 AD. The name “Teotihuacán” means “City of the Gods” in the Nahuatl language.it predates the Aztec Empire by many centuries.
Famous Structures
1. Pyramid of the Sun: The Pyramid of the Sun is the largest pyramid in Teotihuacán and one of the largest in the world, standing at over 216 feet tall.
(third largest in the world after the Great pyramid of Cholula and the Great pyramid of Giza ).
2. Pyramid of the Moon: The Pyramid of the Moon is the second-largest pyramid in Teotihuacán and is located at the northern end of the city’s main street, the Street of the Dead.
3. Temple of Quetzalcoatl : The Temple of Quetzalcoatl is a well-preserved temple dedicated to the feathered serpent god Quetzalcoatl.
It was one of the largest and most influential cities in ancient Mesoamerica, with a population of over 100,000 people. It was a important center of trade and culture, with connections to other ancient Mesoamerican cities such as Tikal and Palenque.
The decline of Teotihuacán is still shrouded in mystery,
37. Tulum National Park, Mexico (1992)
Tulum National Park, located on the Caribbean coast of Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, is a stunning archaeological site perched on a cliff overlooking the turquoise waters of the Caribbean Sea.
Tulum was an ancient Mayan city, built in the 13th century and abandoned before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century.
The national park features well-preserved Mayan architecture, including the iconic El Castillo pyramid, the Temple of the Frescoes, and the Temple of the Descending God.
1. The name “Tulum” means “wall” or “fortress” in the Mayan language.
2. Tulum was an important trade center in the Mayan civilization, with connections to other cities in Mesoamerica.
3. The park’s cliff-top location offers stunning views of the Caribbean Sea and the surrounding coastline.
38. Old City of Québec, Canada (1985)
Old Quebec, Canada is a walled city in Quebec City that was founded in the 17th century by French explorer Samuel de Champlain.
The Old City of Québec, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a historic neighborhood in Quebec City, Canada. It’s the only walled city in North America, offering a glimpse into the continent’s rich history.
1. Chateau Frontenac: This iconic hotel, built in 1893, is a symbol of the city and offers stunning views of the Saint Lawrence River.
2. Notre-Dame de Québec Basilica-Cathedral: This beautiful cathedral, built in 1647, is one of the oldest in North America.
3. Place Royale: This historic square is where Samuel de Champlain founded the city in 1608.
The city is considered the birthplace of French North America. The Old City of Québec is known for its festive atmosphere, with many festivals and events throughout the year, including the Winter Carnival and the Festival d’Été de Québec.
South America
39. Machu Picchu, Peru (1983)
It is located in the Cusco region of Peru, is one of the most fascinating ancient Inca ruins in the world. It was built in the 15th century during the reign of Inca Emperor Pachacuti. It was abandoned before the arrival of Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century. Machu Picchu was built in the classical Inca style, with polished dry stone walls. Its three primary structures are the Temple of the Sun, the Temple of the Three Windows, and the Intihuatana( at the archaeological site of Machu Picchu is a notable ritual stone associated with the astronomical clock or calendar of the INCAS )
It was rediscovered in 1911 by American historian and explorer Hiram Bingham.
40. City of Cusco, Peru (1983)
Cusco, Peru, is a city steeped in history and culture, nestled in the Andean highlands. Cusco was the capital of the Inca Empire from the 13th to the 16th century. It is situated at an elevation of 3,399 meters (11,148 feet) above sea level.
History and Significance
1. Cusco is famous for its well-preserved Inca architecture, including the Temple of the Sun and the Palace of the Inca.
2. It was conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century, and the city’s architecture reflects a blend of Inca and Spanish colonial styles.
3. It has long been a cultural hub, attracting artists, writers, and musicians from around the world.
Famous Landmarks
1. Plaza de Armas: The Plaza de Armas is the heart of Cusco’s historic center, surrounded by cafes, shops, and historic buildings.
2. Sacsayhuamán: Sacsayhuamán is an impressive Inca fortress situated on a hill overlooking Cusco.
3. Qurikancha: Qurikancha, also known as the Temple of the Sun, was one of the most important temples in the Inca Empire.
41. Galapagos Islands, Ecuador (1978)
The Galapagos Islands are a unique and fascinating archipelago located about 620 miles (1,000 km) off the coast of Ecuador. This volcanic island chain is home to an incredible array of endemic species that inspired Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution.
Key Facts
1. Unique Wildlife: The islands are home to an incredible array of endemic species, including giant tortoises, marine iguanas, blue-footed boobies, and Galapagos penguins.
2. Volcanic Origin : The Galapagos Islands were formed by volcanic activity, with 13 main islands and 6 smaller islands.
Conservation Efforts
1. The Galapagos National Park was established in 1959 to protect the islands’ unique wildlife and ecosystems.
2. Charles Darwin Research Station located on Santa Cruz Island, is dedicated to conservation and research efforts.
42. Iguazu Falls, Argentina/Brazil (1984)
Iguazú Falls, located on the border of Argentina and Brazil, is one of the world’s most breathtaking waterfalls. The falls consist of over 275 individual cascades, spanning almost 2 miles (3.2 km), and dumping up to 450,000 gallons of water per second.
Iguazú Falls is the largest waterfall system in the world, in terms of water flow and size. The falls are named after the indigenous Tupi word “yguasu,” meaning “big water.”
*Eleanor Roosevelt’s Reaction*: Upon visiting the falls, Eleanor Roosevelt reportedly exclaimed, “Poor Niagara!”
43. Christ the Redeemer, Brazil (2007)
Christ the Redeemer is an Art Deco statue of Jesus in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil created by French-Polish sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot.
Constructed between 1922 and 1931, the statue is 30 metres high. It is located at the peak of 700 meter Corcovado mountain. The statue is made of reinforced concrete and soapstone.
Priest Pedro Maria Boss first suggested placing a Christian monument on Mount Corcovado in the mid-1850s to honor Princess Isabel but the project was not approved.
Imitation statue of Christ the Redeemer at Nellore, state of Andhra Pradesh Was constructed.
44. Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia, Brazil (1985)
The Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia, Brazil, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that showcases the city’s rich cultural heritage and architectural beauty. It was founded in 1549 by Portuguese colonizers, making it one of the oldest cities in Brazil. The Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia features a unique blend of colonial, Renaissance, and Baroque architectural styles.
Famous Landmarks
1. Elevador Lacerda: The Elevador Lacerda is a historic elevator that connects the lower and upper parts of the city, offering stunning views of the harbor.
2. Fortaleza da Barra: The Fortaleza da Barra is a 17th-century fort that played a significant role in the city’s defense against Dutch and French invaders.
3. Catedral Basílica de Salvador: The Catedral Basílica de Salvador is a beautiful Baroque cathedral that dates back to the 17th century.
History and Significance
1. African influence: Salvador de Bahia has a rich African cultural heritage, with many Afro-Brazilian traditions and customs still thriving today.
2. Colonial past: The city’s colonial past is evident in its architecture, cuisine, and cultural practices.
3. Cultural hub:It is a vibrant cultural hub, hosting many festivals and events throughout the year, including the famous Carnaval celebrations.
1. Salvador de Bahia is known as the “Capital of Joy”*: The city is famous for its vibrant cultural scene and joyful atmosphere.
2. The city has over 300 churches: Salvador de Bahia has a staggering number of churches, many of which date back to the colonial era.
3. Salvador de Bahia is home to the Afro-Brazilian Museum: The museum showcases the history and culture of Afro-Brazilians and their contributions to the city’s rich cultural heritage.
Oceania
46. Great Barrier Reef, Australia (1981)
The Great Barrier Reef is one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems on the planet, located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia. It’s the world’s largest coral reef system, composed of more than 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands, spanning over 2,300 kilometers .
The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef system in the world, covering an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometers (133,000 square miles).
The reef is home to an incredible array of marine life, including more than 1,500 species of fish, 600 species of coral, and many other creatures, such as sharks, rays, and turtles.It is considered one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World.
47. Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, Australia (1987)
Uluru / Ayers Rock is considered one of Australia’s most recognisable landmarks, and has become a focal point for Australia and the world’s acknowledgement of Australian indigenous culture. The sandstone monolith stands 348 metres high with most of its bulk below the ground.
To Anangu tribe, the local indigenous people, Uluru / Ayers Rock is a place name and this “Rock” has a number of different landmarks where many ancestral beings have interacted with the landscape and/or each other, some even believed to still reside here. Mount Olga meaning ‘many heads’ in his aboriginal name, is a sacred place relating to knowledge that is considered very powerful and dangerous, only suitable for initiated men. It is made up of a group of 36 conglomerate rock domes that date back 500 million years.
Anangu are the traditional Aboriginal owners of Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. They believe that their culture was created at the beginning of time by ancestral beings.
48. Sydney Opera House, Australia (2007)
The Sydney Opera House is one of Australia’s most iconic buildings, situated on Bennelong Point in Sydney Harbour . This stunning structure is widely regarded as a masterpiece of 20th-century architecture, featuring a series of gleaming white sail-shaped shells as its roof.
The Sydney Opera House was designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon, who won an international design competition in 1957 . The building took 16 years to complete, finally opening on October 20, 1973 .
Performances and Venues
The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre, hosting over 1,800 performances annually, attended by more than 1.4 million people ¹. The building comprises multiple performance venues, including the Concert Hall, Opera Theatre, and Drama Theatre.
The Sydney Opera House is one of the most-photographed buildings in the world. The building’s unique design was inspired by the sails of a ship .
49. Auckland War Memorial Museum, New Zealand (1990)
The Auckland War Memorial Museum also known as Auckland Museum, is one of most important museums and war memorials. Its neoclassical building constructed in the 1920s and 1950s, stands on Observatory Hill, the remains of a dormant volcano.
It houses extensive collections of New Zealand’s natural history, Māori and Pacific Islander artifacts, and military history.
Construction was completed in 1929, and the museum’s new building was opened by the Governor-General, General Sir Charles Fergusson.
Key Exhibitions and Features
Māori and Pacific Treasures: The museum showcases over 2,000 priceless Māori artifacts, including rare carvings and the last great Māori war canoe carved from a giant Totara tree ².
War Memorial Exhibition: The museum’s war memorial exhibition, “Scars on the Heart,” tells the story of New Zealand at war
Natural History Exhibits: The museum features award-winning natural history exhibits that explore New Zealand’s unique environment and wildlife .
Cenotaph and Court of Honour: The museum’s Cenotaph and Court of Honour serve as a war memorial, honoring those who lost their lives in major conflicts .
50. Tongariro National Park, New Zealand (1990)
Tongariro National Park, located in the center of New Zealand’s North Island, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the country’s most unique and spectacular national parks.
The park is home to three active volcanoes: Mount Tongariro, Mount Ngauruhoe, and Mount Ruapehu. It has spiritual significance to the Maori people, who consider the volcanoes sacred.The park features a diverse range of geological formations, including volcanic plateaus, craters, and lakes. The park was a key filming location for the Lord of the Rings trilogy, with Mount Ngauruhoe featuring as Mount Doom.